Códigos de conducta y certificación para el cultivo de camarón: una revisión.

Autores/as

  • L. C. A. Naegel
  • I. Fogel

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v24i2.61

Palabras clave:

Camarón cultivado, códigos de conducta, certificación

Resumen

La creciente demanda de productos pesqueros derivados de la acuacultura, especialmente del
camarón, ha traído una fuerte crítica sobre la producción no sostenible y de su manejo socialmente explotador. La demanda del producto se combina con una creciente preocupación del consumidor por salvaguardar su alimentación, así como de aspectos ambientales y sociales. Asimismo, aumenta la demanda del consumidor por información sobre el origen y la naturaleza de los productos que consume y la seguridad de los insumos utilizados en su producción. Desde el camaronicultor al intermediario, existe mayor necesidad de cumplir o exceder las expectativas del consumidor y mostrar la aplicación responsable
de técnicas de manejo en el desarrollo de sistemas de producción de camarón verdaderamente
sustentables. Estas demandas condujeron a la elaboración de códigos para una mejor práctica de
acuacultura en la industria del camarón para asegurar una forma sustentable, amigable con el ambiente y socialmente equitativa de producir camarón y de garantizar al consumidor un alimento saludable. La certificación de camarón se introdujo con el propósito de responder a las percepciones del público y los requerimientos del mercado, así como a la confianza que se tiene en las prácticas de producción del producto. Actualmente van en aumento el número de estándares, de "Códigos de Práctica" y de esquemas de certificación. La proliferación de Códigos de Práctica y de esquemas de certificación utilizados por gobiernos y el sector privado para el cultivo sustentable de camarón, enfrentan numerosos retos.Los productores y exportadores de camarón de los países en desarrollo deben luchar para poder adaptarse a
nuevas y cambiantes reglas cuando tratan de introducir su producto cultivado a mercados extranjeros. Aunado a esto, existe el riesgo de que los Códigos de Práctica y esquemas de  certificación, basados principalmente en soluciones tecnológicas a nivel de granja, afecten la competitividad de los granjeros con pocos recursos prohibiéndoles los beneficios de los precios privilegiados por la certificación. Son urgentes
los estándares y las normas de certificación de aceptación global, especialmente para los camaronicultores de pequeña escala que les proporcionen una guía les sirvan de base para lograr una armonía óptima y les facilite el reconocimiento mutuo y la equivalencia de esquemas de certificación. 

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Ababouch, L. 2008. Certification in aquaculture: Additional value or cost? FAO Aquaculture Newsletter, 40: 36-37.

Ackefors, H. & P. White. 2002. A framework for developing best environmental practices for aquaculture. World Aquaculture, 33(2): 54-59.

Alam, S.M.N., C. Kwei Lin, A. Yakupitiyage, H. Demaine & M.J. Phillips. 2005. Compliance of Bangladesh shrimp culture with FAO Code of Conduct for responsible fisheries: a development challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management, 48: 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2005.01.001

ACC (Aquaculture Certification Council). 2004. Guidelines for BAP standards. Aquaculture facility, farm and processing plant standards. Kirkland, WA. http://www.aquaculturecertification.org/

Anon. 2008. Pilot project on third-party food safety certification. INFOFISH International 5: 44-45.

Anon. 2008a. Ecuador: Ejecutivo anuncio decreto en sector camaronero. Oct. 8, 2008 http:/www.mercuriomanta.com.

Bailey, C. 1988. The social consequences of tropical shrimp mariculture development. Ocean & Shoreline Management, 11: 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0951-8312(88)90004-5

Barbier, E. & M. Cox. 2004. An economic analysis of shrimp farm expansion and mangrove conversion in Thailand. Land Economics, 80: 389-407. https://doi.org/10.2307/3654728

Barg, U., R. Subasinghe, R. Willmann, K. Rana & M. Martinez. 1999. Towards sustainable shrimp culture development: Implementing the FAO Code of Conduct or Responsible Fisheries (CCRF), 64-81 In: B.W. Green, H.C. Clifford, M. McNamara & G.M. Montaño (eds.). Fifth Central American Symposium on Aquaculture, 18-20 August 1999, San Pedro Sula, Honduras.

Barnhizer, D. 2002. Innovation and the implementation deficit: Assessing shrimp producing countries based on their effectiveness in implementing the FAO's Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and Related Guidelines and Standards in the Context of Shrimp Aquaculture. Report prepared for the World Bank, NACA, WWF, and FAO Consortium on Shrimp Farming and the Environment, Bangkok, Thailand.

Barnhizer, D. & I. de la Torre 2003. Of standards, regulations, and market campaigns: Going beyond the rhetoric, 465-499. In: I. de la Torre & D. Barnhizer (eds.). The blues of a revolution: The damaging impacts of shrimp farming. The Industrial Shrimp Action Network (ISA Net) and the Asia Pacific Environmental Exchange (APEX), Tacoma, WA.

Béné, C. 2005. The good, the bad and the ugly: Discourse, policy controversies and the role of science in the politics of shrimp farming development. Development Policy Review, 23: 585-614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2005.00304.x

Boyd, C.E. 1999. Sustainable aquaculture practices. Environmental codes in aquaculture. Global Aquaculture Alliance, 2(4/5): 17-18.

Callinan, R. 2008. Implementing BMP programs in the real world of small-scale shrimp farming - who are we able to help? http://www.enaca.org/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1714.

C-Condem (Corporación Coordinadora Nacional para la Defensa del Ecosistema Manglar). 2007. Análisis integral de la certificación orgánica a la acuacultura industrial de camarón en Ecuador. Informe sobre la certificación orgánica del camarón en Ecuador. Segunda parte: Certificando la destrucción. http://redmanglar. org/imaginesFTP/3561.certificando_la_ destruccion13_3. pdf

Clay, J. 2007. Aquaculture Certification: WWF's experiences regarding impacts, standards and certification. In: Expert workshop on guidelines for aquaculture certification. 27-30 March 2007, Bangkok, Thailand. http://www.eneaca.org/modules/tinyd11/print.php?id=16

Corsin, F. S. Funge-Smith & J. Clausen 2007. A qualitative assessment of standards and certification schemes applicable to aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific region. FAO-Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, RAP Publication 2007/25.

De Graaf, G.J. & T.T. Xuan. 1998. Extensive shrimp farming, mangrove clearance and marine fisheries in the southern province of Vietnam. Mangroves and Salt Marshes, 2: 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009975210487

De Walt, B.R., J.R. Ramírez-Zavala, L. Noriega & R.E. González. 2002 Shrimp aquaculture, the people and the environment in costal Mexico. Report prepared under the World Bank, NACA, WWF & FAO Consortium on Shrimp Farming and the Environment. Bangkok, Thailand.

Dierberg, F.E & W. Kiattisimkul . 1996. Issues, impacts, and implications of shrimp aquaculture in Thailand. Environmental Management, 20: 649-666. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01204137

MSCRI (Marine Shrimp Culture Research Institute, Thailand Department of Fisheries). 2003. Standard of quality shrimp product development. http://www.thaiqualityshrimp.com/eng/coc/download/0340.pdf

Donovan, D.J. 2001. Environmental Code of Practice for Australian Prawn Farmers. Australian Prawn Farmers Association. Queensland. http://apfa.com.au/prawnfarmers.cfm?inc=environment

Environmental Justice Foundation. 2003. Smash and grab: Conflict, corruption and human right abuses in the shrimp farming industry. London, UK.

Environmental Justice Foundation. 2004. Farming the sea, costing the earth. Why we must green the blue revolution. London, U.K.

Environmental Law Institute/ The Ocean Foundation 2008a. Gold standard for sustainable aquaculture ecolabel design. Technical Report. http://www.elistore.org/Data/products/d18_11.pdf.

Environmental Law Institute/ The Ocean Foundation 2008b. Gold standard evaluation: Whole Foods Market aquaculture purchasing standards. http://www. elistore.org/Data/products/d18_17.pdf.e.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1995. Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. Article 9: Aquaculture Development. 20-27, Rome.

FAO. 1997. Aquaculture Development. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries No. 5. Rome.

FAO. 1998a. Report of the Bangkok FAO Technical Consultation on Policies for Sustainable Shrimp Culture. Bangkok, Thailand, 8-11 December 1997. FAO Fisheries Report 572. Rome.

FAO. 1998b. Report of the Ad Hoc Expert Meeting on Indicators and Criteria of Sustainable Shrimp Culture. FAO Fisheries Report 582, Rome.

FAO. 1999. Papers Presented at the Bangkok FAO Technical Consultation on Policies for Sustainable Shrimp Culture. Bangkok, Thailand, 8-11 December 1997. Supplement, FAO Fisheries Report 572. Rome.

FAO. 2007a. FAO Guidelines for Aquaculture Certification. Preliminary draft. http://www.enaca.org/moudles/tinyd11/index.php?id=17

FAO. 2007b. FAO Guidelines for Aquaculture Certification. Draft 2.3: version 17 December 2007) http://library.enaca.org/certification/publications/Aquaculture_Certification_Guidelines-Draft_Version-2-17-12-07.pdf

FAO 2008. Committee on Fisheries, Sub-Committee on Aquaculture. Technical guidelines on aquaculture certification. FAO COFI/AQ/IV/2008/Inf.7.

FAO & Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia. 2001. Report of the FAO/Government of Australia Expert Consultation on Good Management Practices and Good Legal and Institutional Arrangements for Sustainable Shrimp Culture. Brisbane, Australia, 4-7 December 2000. FAO Fisheries Report 659, Rome.

FAO/NACA/UNEP/WB/WWF. 2006. International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming. Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA). Bangkok, Thailand.

FAO/NACA/Government of Thailand. in press. Expert workshop on guidelines for aquaculture certification. Bangkok, Thailand, 27-30 March, 2007. FAO Fisheries Technical Report. Rome.

Fleming, C. 2004. Challenges facing the shrimp industry in Bangladesh. Senior Project. American International School, Dhaka, Bangladesh. http//www.ais-dhaka.net/School_Library/Senior%20Projects/04_Fleming_shrimp. pdf.

Flaherty, M., P. Vandergeest & P. Miller. 1999. Rice paddy or shrimp pond: Tough decisions in rural Thailand. World Development, 27: 2045-2060. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00100-X

Funge-Smith, S., F. Corsin & J. Clausen. 2007. Overview of aquaculture certification. In: Expert workshop on guidelines for aquaculture certification. 27-30. March 2007, Bangkok, Thailand. htttp://enaca.org/modules/tinyd11/print. php?id=16

GAA (Global Aquaculture Alliance). 2004. Guidelines for BAP standards. Aquaculture facility, farm and processing plant certification. St. Louis, Mo. http://www.aquaculturecertification.org

Greenpeace. 1997. Shrimp, the devastating delicacy: The explosion of shrimp farming and the negative impacts on people and the environment. Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. 28 p.

Greenpeace. 1999. Greenpeace on industrial shrimp aquaculture: Fast track to a dead end, 172-190. In: Papers presented at the Bangkok FAO Technical consultation on policies for sustainable shrimp culture. Bangkok, Thailand, 8-11 December 1997. Supplement, FAO Fisheries Report 572, Rome.

Gunawardena, M. & J.S. Rowan. 2005. Economic valuation of a mangrove ecosystem threatened by shrimp aquaculture in Sri Lanka. Environmental Management, 36: 535-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0286-9

Hempel, E. & U. Winther. 1997. Shrimp farming and the Environment. Draft report to the World Bank, KPMG Centre for Aquaculture and Fisheries. Trondheim, Norway.

Holmström, K., S. Gräslund, A. Wahlström, S. Poungshompoo, B.E. Bengtsson & N. Kautsky. 2003. Antibiotic use in shrimp farming and implications for environmental impacts and human health. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 38: 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2621.2003.00671.x

InfoFish International. 2009. ASEAN plans to set up body to certify shrimp. InfoFish International, 4: 26-28.

Islam, M.S. 2008. From pond to plate: Towards a twin-driven commodity chain in Bangladesh shrimp aquaculture. Food Policy, 33: 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2007.10.002

Kearney Gaillard, T., S. Masarrat Quader & R. Linowes. 2006. The shrimp seal of quality program. Dhaka, Bangladesh, 10-15. In: R. Linowes (ed.) Portraits of business practices in emerging markets: Cases for management education. Volume 4. Institute of International Education, and USAID, Wahington, D.C. http://emdacasebook.iie.org/pdfs/4.10%20Shrimp%Ce rtification-Bangladesh.pdf.

MSCRI (Marine Shrimp Culture Research Institute, Thailand Department of Fisheries), 2003. Code of Conduct. http://thaiqualityshrimp.com/eng/coc/home.asp

Naturland. 2004. Naturland certified organic. Naturland standards for organic aquaculture, 16-19. In: Naturland e.V., Pond culture of shrimps (Western white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and others. Gräfelfing, Germany. http://www.naturland.de/englisch/n2/aquaculture_01_2004

Naturland. 2006. Richtlinien für die Ökologische Aquakultur. 18-21. In: Pond culture of shrimps (Western white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and others), Gräfelfing, Germany.

Nissapawanich, B. 2007. Shrimp industry refutes Wal-Mart claims. Infofish International, 5: 26-28.

Páez-Osuna, F. 2001. The environmental impact of shrimp aquaculture: Causes, effects, and mitigating alternatives. Environmental Management, 28: 131- 140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010212

Páez-Osuna, F., S.R. Guerrero-Galván & A.C. Ruíz-Fernández 1999. Discharge of nutrients from shrimp farming to coastal waters of the Gulf of California. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38: 585-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00116-7

Phillips, M.J., R. Subasinghe & A. Padiyar. 2005. Shrimp farming, the environment and trends towards certification: What are the issues and where are we going? 18-24. In: S. Subasinghe, T. Singh & A. Lem (eds.). The production and marketing of organic aquaculture products. Proceedings of the Global Technical and Trade Conference, 15-17 June 2004, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. INFOFISH Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Phillips, M., R. Subasinghe, J. Clausen, K. Yamamoto, C.V. Mohan, A Padivar & S. Funge-Smith. 2008. Aquaculture production, certification and trade: Challenges and opportunities for the small-scale farmer in Asia. Aquaculture Asia Magazine, 13: 5-8.

Pongthanapanich , T. & E. Roth. 2006a. Toward environmental responsibility of Thaishrimp farming through a voluntary management scheme. htttp://www.busieco.ou.dk/ime/PDF/ime/pongthanapanich 70.pdf

Pongthanapanich, T. & E. Roth. 2006b. Country review: Voluntary management in Thai shrimp farming. Aquaculture Economics & Management, 10: 265-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657300600985546

Primavera, J.H. 1993.. A critical review of shrimp pond culture in the Philippines. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 1: 151-2001. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641269309388539

Primavera, J.H. 1997. Socio-economic impacts of shrimp culture. Aquaculture Research, 28: 815-827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1997.tb01006.x

Primavera J.H., C.R. Lavilla-Pitogo, J.M. Ladja & M.R. Dela-Peña. 1993. A survey of chemical and biological products used in intensive prawn farms in the Philippines. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26: 35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(93)90595-B

Public Citizen. 2004. Shell game: The environmental and social impacts of shrimp aquaculture. A special report by Public Citizen's Food Program. Washington, D.C.

Rosenberry, B. 2007. World Wildlife Fund developing global standards for aquaculture. Shrimp News International. http://www.shrimpnews.com/WorldWildlifeFundStandards.html

SEAFDEC (Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre). 2001. Regional guidelines for responsible fisheries in Southeast Asia - Responsible aquaculture.SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, Iloilo, The Philippines.

SIPPO (Swiss Import Promotion Programme), Naturland & IMO (Institute for Marketecology. 2002. International standards for organic aquaculture. Production of shrimp. 9-18. Zürich, Switzerland and Gräfelfing, Germany. http://www.sippo.ch/files/publications/fish_shrimp2002.pdf

Solidarity Centre. 2008. The degradation of work. The true cost of shrimp.http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/pubs_TrueCost-of_Shrimp.pdf

SSNC (Swedish Society for Nature Conservation). 2005. Eco-labelling of shrimp farming in Ecuador - Mangrove devastation, illegal farms and exclusion of local inhabitants. Stockholm, Sweden.

Stevenson, J.R., X.T. Irz, J.H. Primavera & G. Sepulveda. 2003. Coastal aquaculture systems in The Philippines: Social equity, property rights and disregarded duties. In: CD-Rom Proceedings of: Rights and Duties in the Coastal Zone: Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Coastal Management, 12-14 June 2003. Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Stockholm, Sweden.

Stonich, C.S.& C. Bailey. 2000. Resisting the blue revolution: Contending coalitions surrounding industrial shrimp farming. Human Organization, 59: 23-36. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.59.1.86281132l884231k

Stonich, C.S. & P. Vandergeest. 2001. Violence, environment, and industrial shrimp farming, 261-286. In: N. Lee Peluso & M. Watts (eds.) Violent environments. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London.

Subasinghe, R.P. & M.J. Phillips. 2007. Aquaculture certification: A challenge for the small farmer? FAO Aquaculture Newsletter, 38: 34-36.

Uppsala University. 2008. Global trade in tiger shrimp threatens environment. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080214114510.htm.

Vandergeest, P. 2007. Certification and communities: Alternatives for regulating the environmental and social impacts of shrimp farming. World Development 35:1152-1171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.12.002

Valiela, I., J.L. Bowen & J.K. York. 2001. Mangrove forests: One of the world's threate ned major tropical environments. BioSciences, 2001: 807-815. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0807:MFOOTW]2.0.CO;2

Villalon, J.R. 2008. Aquaculture dialogues: A model process. http://library.enaca.org/certification/washington08/presentation-villalo.pdf

Van Mulekom, L., A. Axelsson, E.P. Batungbacal, D. Baxter, R. Siregar, I. de la Torre & SEAFish for Justice. 2006. Trade and export orientation of fisheries in Southeast Asia: Under-priced export at the expense of domestic food security and local economies. Ocean & Coastal Management, 49: 546-561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.001

Wilks, A. 1995. Prawns, profit and protein: Aquaculture and food production. The Ecologist , 25: 120-125.

World Bank, NACA, WWF & FAO. 2002. Shrimp farming and the environment. A World Bank, NACA, WWF and FAO Consortium Program "To analyze and share experiences on the better management of shrimp aquaculture in coastal areas," Synthesis report. Work in Progress for Public Discussion. Published by the Consortium, Bangkok, Thailand.

WWF (World Wildlife Fund). 2007a. Benchmarking Study on International Aquaculture Certification Programmes. Zürich and Oslo.

WWF. 2007b. Aquaculture certification work. http://worldwildlife.org/cci/aquaculture_projects1.cfm.

WWF. 2007c. Shrimp Aquaculture Dialogue. http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/aquaculture/WWFBinaryitem6778.pdf.

Descargas

Publicado

2009-12-04

Cómo citar

Naegel, L. C. A., & Fogel, I. (2009). Códigos de conducta y certificación para el cultivo de camarón: una revisión. CICIMAR Oceánides, 24(2), 129–150. https://doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v24i2.61

Número

Sección

Artículos