Lead and cadmium in organisms of commercial importance in the coastal zone of Sinaloa, Mexico: 20 years of studies.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v25i2.88Keywords:
Heavy metals, environmental impact, fish, seafood, coastal lagoons, state of SinaloaAbstract
Lead and cadmium may affect the health of ecosystems and of the consumers of food items
contaminated with these metals, which are widely used in several human activities and are, in addition, among the most important products of Mexican mining activities. Agriculture is the main activity in the State of Sinaloa, and for this reason pesticides and fertilizers are important sources of contamination with both metals. In this article we revise the possible natural sources and the main human activities which may contribute these metals
to the coastal waters of the Mexican State of Sinaloa, and summarize the results of the investigations of the latest two decades on the lead and cadmium contents of the edible tissues of several aquatic organisms of its coastal water bodies. The highest cadmium concentrations were those found in the Altata-Ensenada del Pabellón
lagoonal system, possibly as a result of the agricultural activities of the Culiacán plains. Lead concentrations in bivalves seem to indicate a tendency to lower values, possibly due to the use of unleaded gasoline, although this does not coincide with the values found in shrimp muscles. In addition, all lead values are above the level indicating the presence of environmental impact. The cadmium content of some bivalve exceed the level of risk for human health, whereas the lead and cadmium contents of fish and crustacean edible tissues are below the level of concern.
Downloads
References
Akesson, A., P. Bjellerup, T. Lundh, J. Lidfeldt,C. Nerbrand, G. Samsioe, S. Skerfving & M. Vahter. 2006. Cadmium-induced effects on bone in a population-based study of women. Environ. Health Persp., 114: 830-834. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8763
ATSDR. 2007. ToxFAQs for lead. Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts13.html
Ayala-Castañares, A., M. Gutiérrez-Estrada, A. Galaviz-Solís & V.M. Malpica-Cruz. 1994. Geología marina del sistema lagunar Altata-Pabellones, Sinaloa, México. An. Inst. Cien. Mar Limnol. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 21 (1-2): 129-147.
Benítez, G., A. Risques & M.S. Lara. 2010. La basura electrónica: computadoras, teléfonos celulares, televisores. La Ciencia y el Hombre, 23. http://www.uv.mx/cienciahombre/revistae/vol23num1/articulos/basuras/index.html
Botello, A.V., J. Rendón von Osten, G. GoldBouchot & C. Arnaz-Hernández. (Eds.). 2005. Golfo de México: contaminación e impacto ambiental: diagnóstico y tendencias (2ª ed.). Univ. Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche. 695 p.
CAMIMEX. 2010. Cámara Minera de México. Estadísticas. Informe anual 2010. http://camimex.org.mx/publicaciones/info2010.pdf
Cantillo, A.Y. 1998. Comparison of results of mussel watch programs of the United States and France with worldwide mussel watch studies. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 36: 712- 717. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00049-6
Cao, Y., A. Chen, J. Radcliffe, K.N. Dietrich, R.L. Jones, K. Caldwell & W.J. Rogan. 2009. Postnatal cadmium exposure, neurodevelopment, and blood pressure in children at 2, 5, and 7 years of age. Environ. Health Persp., 117: 1580-1586. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900765
Clark, R.B. 1992. Marine pollution. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 172 p.
Díaz-Barriga, F., L. Batres, J. Calderón, A. Lugo, L. Galvao, I. Lara, P. Rizo, M.E. Arroyave & R. McConnell. 1997. The El Paso smelter 20 years later: residual impact Mexican children. Environ. Res., 74: 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1997.3741
Eichenbaum, H. 2001. The hippocampus and declarative memory: cognitive mechanisms and neural codes. Behav. Brain Res., 127: 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00365-5
Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. 2005. Sinaloa. http://www.e-local.gob.mx/ work/templates/enciclo/sinaloa/econ.htm
EPA. 2000. Concentrations of Lead in Blood. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. http:// yosemite.epa.gov/OCHP/OCHPWEB.nsf/ content/blood_lead_levels.html.
Fels, L.M., M. Wunsch, J. Baranowski, I. Norska-Borowka & R.G. Price. 1998. Adverse effects of chronic low level lead exposure on kidney function- a risk group study in children. Nephrol. Dial. Transpl., 13: 2248-2256. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/13.9.2248
Flores, J. & L.A. Albert. 2004. Environmental lead in Mexico, 1990-2002. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 181: 37-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-21733-9_2
Fowler B.A. 1996. The Nephropathology of Metals, 721-729. En: Chang, L.W. (Ed.) Toxicology of metals. CRC Lewis, Boca Raton.
Frías-Espericueta, M.G., J.I. Osuna-López, G. Sandoval-Salazar & G. López-López. 1999a. Distribution of trace metals in different tissues in the rock oyster Crassostrea iridescens: seasonal variation. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 63: 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289900950
Frías-Espericueta, M.G., M.A. Ortíz-Arellano, J.I. Osuna-López & A. Ronson-Paulin. 1999b. Heavy metals in the rock oyster Crassostrea iridescens (Filibranchia:Ostreidae) from Mazatlan city, Mexico. Rev. Biol. Trop., 47: 843-849. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v47i4.19261
Frías-Espericueta, M.G, J.I. Osuna-López, S. Flores-Reyes, G. López-López & G. Izaguirre-Fierro. 2005a. Heavy metals in oyster Crassostrea corteziensis from Urias lagoon, Mazatlán, Mexico; associated to different anthropogenic discharges. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 74: 996-1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-005-0678-z
Frías-Espericueta, M.G, J.I. Osuna-López, F.J. Estrada-Toledo, G. López-López & G. Izaguirre-Fierro. 2005b. Heavy metals in the edible muscle of shrimps from several coastal lagoons located in the NW of Mexico. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 74:1098-1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-005-0694-z
Frías-Espericueta, M.G, J.I. Osuna-López, F. Valenzuela-Quiñones, B.F. Bocardo-Velázquez, G. Izaguirre-Fierro & G. LópezLópez. 2005c. Metales pesados en el camarón azul Litopenaeus stylirostris capturado en la zona costera aledaña a Mazatlán Sinaloa. Ciencia y Tecnología, 1(3): 9-16.
Frías-Espericueta, M.G., G. Izaguirre-Fierro, F. Valenzuela-Quiñonez, J.I. Osuna-López, D. Voltolina, G. López-López, M.D. Muy-Rangel & W. Rubio-Castro. 2007. Metal content of the Gulf of California blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 79: 214-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9165-z
Frías-Espericueta, M.G., J.I. Osuna-López, D. Voltolina, G. López-López, G. Izaguirre-Fierro & M.D. Muy-Rangel. 2008. The metal content of bivalve molluscs of a coastal lagoon of NW Mexico. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 80: 90-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9322-4
Frías-Espericueta, M.G., J.I. Osuna-López, I. Bañuelos-Vargas, G. López-López, M.D. Muy-Rangel, G. Izaguirre-Fierro, W. Rubio-Carrasco, P.C. Meza-Guerrero & D. Voltolina. 2009a. Cadmium, copper, lead and zinc content of the mangrove oyster Crassostrea corteziensis of seven coastal lagoons of NW Mexico. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 83: 595-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9828-z
Frías-Espericueta, M.G., J.I. Osuna-López, D. Voltolina, M.A. Beltrán-Velarde, G. Izaguirre-Fierro, G. López-López, M.D. MuyRangel & W. Rubio-Carrasco. 2009b. The content of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei of six coastal lagoons of Sinaloa, NW Mexico. Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr., 44: 197-201. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-19572009000100020
Frías-Espericueta, M.G., J.M. Quintero-Álvarez, J.I. Osuna-López, C.M. Sánchez-Gaxiola, G. López-López, G. Izaguirre-Fierro & D. Voltolina 2010. The metal contents of four commercial fish species of NW Mexico. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-010-0092-z
Fuller, R. 2009. Lead exposures from car batteries - a global problem. Environ. Health Persp., 117: A535. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901163
Gavilán-García, A. 2009. Diagnóstico de la generación de residuos electrónicos en México: Inventario nacional. http://www.ine. gob.mx/descargas/sqre/2009_foro_res_ electronicos_01_gavilan.pdf
Goddard, C.I., N.J. Leonard, D.L. Stang, P.J. Wingate, B.A. Rattner, J. Franson & S.R. Sheffield. 2008. Management concerns about known and potential impacts of lead use in shooting and in fishing activities. Fisheries, 35: 228-236. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-33.5.228
Haefliger, P., M. Mathieu-Nolf, S. Lociciro, C. Ndiaye, M. Coly, A. Diouf, A.L. Faye, A. Sow, J. Tempowski, J. Pronczuk, A.P. Filipe Junior, R. Bertollini, & M. Neira. 2009. Mass lead intoxication from informal used lead acid battery recycling in Dakar, Senegal. Environ. Health Persp., 117: 1535-1540. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900696
IARC. 1993. Beryllium, cadmium, mercury, and exposures in the glass manufacturing industry. IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 58. World Health Organization. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Lyon, 444 p.
Izaguirre-Fierro, G., F. Páez-Osuna, & I. Osuna-López. 1992. Heavy metals in fish from Culiacan Valley, Sinaloa, Mexico. Ciencias Marinas, 18: 143-151. https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v18i3.898
Jacobs, D.E. & R. Nevin. 2006. Validation of a 20-year forecast of US childhood lead poisoning: updated prospects for 2010. Environ. Res., 102: 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.015
Laegreid, M., O.C. Bockman, & E.O. Kaarstad 1999. Agriculture fertilizers and the environment. CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 320 p.
Landis, W.G. & M.H. Yu. 1999. Introduction to environmental toxicology. Lewis Publishers, New York. 390 p.
Lanphear, B.P., R. Hornung, J. Khoury, K. Yolton, P. Baghurst, D.C. Bellinger, R.L. Canfield, K.N. Dietrich, R. Bornschein, T. Greene, S.J. Rothenberg, H.L. Needleman, L. Schnaas, G. Wasserman, J. Graziano & R. Roberts. 2005. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: An international pooled analysis. Environ. Health Persp., 113: 894-899. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7688
Levin, R., M.J. Brown, M.E. Kashtock, D.E. Jacobs, E.A. Whelan, J. Rodman, M.R. Schock, A. Padilla & T. Sinks. 2008. Lead exposures in U.S. children, 2008: Implications for prevention. Environ. Health Persp., 116: 1285-1293. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11241
Marmolejo-Rivas, C. & F. Páez-Osuna. 1990. Trace metals in tropical coastal lagoon bivalves, Mytella strigata. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 45: 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01700627
Martelli, A., E. Rousselet, C. Dycke, A. Bouron, & J.M. Moulis. 2006. Cadmium toxicity in animal cells by interference with essential metals. Biochimie, 88: 1807-1814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2006.05.013
Mclaughlin, M. & B.R. Singh. 1999. Cadmium in Soils and Plants: a Global Perspective, 1-19. En: Mclaughlin, M. & B.R. Singh (Eds.), Cadmium in soils and plants. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4473-5_1
Morales-Hernández, F., M.F. Soto-Jiménez & F. Páez-Osuna. 2004. Heavy metals in sediments and lobster (Panulirus gracilis) from the discharge area of the submarine sewage outfall in Mazatlan Bay (SE Gulf of California). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 46: 485-491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-003-3064-z
Nriagu, J.O. & J.M. Pacyna. 1988. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature, 333: 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1038/333134a0
OEIDRUS. 2009. Estadísticas agrícolas. Oficina Estatal de Información para el Desarrollo Rural Sustentable. Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, Gobierno del Estado de Sinaloa. Culiacán. http://www. oeidrus-sinaloa.gob.mx/
Osman, K., A. Akesson, M. Berglund, K. Bremer, A. Schutz & K. Ask. 2000. Toxic and essential elements in placentas of Swedish women. Clin. Biochem., 33: 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9120(00)00052-7
Osuna-López, J.I., H.M. Zazueta-Padilla, A. Rodríguez-Higuera & F. Páez-Osuna. 1990. Trace metal concentrations in mangrove oyster (Crassostrea corteziensis) from tropical lagoon environments, Mexico. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 21: 486-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(90)90070-O
Osuna-López, J.I., M.G. Frías-Espericueta, H.M. Zazueta-Padilla & G. López-López. 1999. Metales pesados en el "ostión ahogado" Crassostrea corteziensis del sistema lagunar Ensenada del Pabellón, Sinaloa, México. Oceánides, 14: 113-119.
Osuna-López, J.I., M.G. Frías-Espericueta, G. López-López, H.M. Zazueta-Padilla, G. Izaguirre-Fierro, F. Páez-Osuna, A.C. RuizFernández & D. Voltolina. 2009. Cd, Pb and organochlorine pesticides of Mytella strigata (Pelecypoda:Mitylidae) of six coastal lagoons of NW Mexico. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost., 38: 233-239.
Páez-Osuna, F. & C. Marmolejo-Rivas. 1990. Occurrence and seasonal variation of heavy metals in the oyster Crassostrea iridescens. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 44: 129-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01702372
Páez-Osuna, F., H.M. Zazueta-Padilla & G. Izaguirre-Fierro. 1991. Trace metals in bivalves from Navachiste lagoon, Mexico. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 22: 305-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(91)90809-7
Páez-Osuna, F., J.I. Osuna-López, G. Izaguirre-Fierro & H.M. Zazueta-Padilla. 1993. Heavy metals in clams from a subtropical coastal lagoon associated with an agricultural drainage basin. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,50: 915-921. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00209958
Páez-Osuna, F. & A.C. Ruiz-Fernández. 1995a. Trace metals in the mexican shrimp Penaeus vannamei from estuarine and marine environments. Environ. Pollut., 87: 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)P2612-D
Páez-Osuna, F. & A.C. Ruiz-Fernández. 1995b. Comparative bioaccumulation of trace metals in Penaeus stylirostris in estuarine and coastal environments. Est. Coast. Shelf Sci., 40: 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(95)90011-X
Páez-Osuna, F. & L.Tron-Mayen. 1996. Concentration and distribution of heavy metals in tissues of wild and farmed shrimp Penaeus vannamei from the Northwest coast of Mexico. Environ. Internat., 22: 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(96)00032-3
Páez-Osuna, F., A.C. Ruiz-Fernández, A.V. Botello, G. Ponce-Vélez, J.I. Osuna-López, M.G. Frías-Espericueta, G. López-López & H.M. Zazueta-Padilla. 2002. Concentrations of selected trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn), organochlorines (PCBs, HCB) and total PAHs in mangrove oysters from the Pacific coast of Mexico: an overview. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44: 1303-1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00172-8
Rosman, K.J.R., W. Chisholm, C.F. Boutron, J. P. Candelone, J. L. Jaffrezo & C.I. Davidson. 1998. Seasonal variations in the origin of lead in snow at Dye 3, Greenland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 160: 383-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00098-3
Ruelas-Inzunza J.R. & F. Páez-Osuna. 2000. Comparative bioavailability of trace metals using three filter-feeder organisms in a subtropical coastal environment (Southeast Gulf of California). Environ. Pollut., 107: 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00157-8
Ruelas-Inzunza J.R. & F. Páez-Osuna 2004. Distribution and concentration of trace metals in tissues of three penaeid shrimp species from Altata-Ensenada del Pabellón lagoon (S.E. Gulf of California). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 72: 452-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-004-0267-6
Ruelas-Inzunza J.R. & F. Páez-Osuna. 2008. Trophic distribution of Cd, Pb and Zn in a food web from Altata-Ensenada del Pabellón subtropical lagoon, SE Gulf of California. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 54: 584-596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-007-9075-4
Ruelas-Inzunza J.R., F. Páez-Osuna & D. García-Flores. 2010. Essential (Cu) and non essential (Cd and Pb) metals in ichthyofauna from the coast of Sinaloa state (SE Gulf of California). Environ. Monit. Assess., 162: 251-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-0793-0
Ruiz-Fernández, A.C., C. Hillaire-Marcel, F. Páez-Osuna, B. Ghaleb & M.F. Soto-Jimé- nez. 2003. Historical trends of metal pollution recorded in the sediments of the Culiacan river estuary, Northwestern Mexico. Appl. Geochem., 18: 577-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00117-8
Scheuhammer, A.M. & S.L. Norris. 1996. The ecotoxicology of lead fishing weights. Ecotoxicology, 5: 279-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00119051
Schnaas, L., S.J. Rothenberg, M.F. Flores, S. Martínez, C. Hernández, E. Osorio, S. Ruiz-Velazco & E. Perroni. 2006. Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure. Environ. Health Persp., 114: 791-797. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8552
Schwikowski, M., C. Barbante, T. Doering, H. Gaeggeler, C. Boutron, U. Schotter, L. Toblerer, K. Vandevelde, C. Ferrari, G. Cozzi, K. Rosman, & P. Cescon. 2004. Post-17thcentury changes of european lead emissions recorded in high-altitude alpine snow and ice. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38: 957- 964. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034715o
Secretaría de Salud. 1993a. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-027-SSA1-1993. Bienes y Servicios. Productos de la Pesca. Pescados frescos, refrigerados y congelados. Especificaciones Sanitarias. http://www.salud. gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/027ssa13.html
Secretaría de Salud. 1993b. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-029-SSA1-1993. Bienes y Servicios. Productos de la Pesca. Crustá- ceos frescos, refrigerados y congelados. Especificaciones Sanitarias. http://www. salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/029ssa13. html
Secretaría de Salud. 1993c. Norma Oficial Mexicana. NOM-031-SSA1-1993. Bienes y Servicios. Productos de la Pesca. Moluscos bivalvos frescos, refrigerados y congelados. Especificaciones Sanitarias. http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/031ssa13.html
Segovia-Zavala, J. A., F. Delgadillo-Hinojosa, A. Muñoz-Barbosa, E. A. Gutiérrez-Galindo & R. Vidal-Talamantes. 2004. Cadmium and silver in Mytilus californianus transplanted to an anthropogenic influenced and coastal upwelling areas in the Mexican Northeastern Pacific. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 48: 458-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.08.022
Shih, R.A., H. Hu, M.G. Weisskopf & B.S. Schwartz. 2007. Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in adults: A review of studies that measured both blood lead and bone lead. Environ. Health Persp., 115: 483-492. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9786
Soto-Jiménez, M.F., F. Páez-Osuna & A.C. Ruiz-Fernández. 2003. Geochemical evidences of the anthropogenic alteration of trace metal composition of the sediments of Chiricahueto marsh (SE Gulf of California). Environ. Pollut., 125: 423-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(03)00083-6
Szefer, P., J. Geldon, A.A. Ali, F. Páez-Osuna, A.C. Ruiz-Fernández & S.R. GuerreroGalván. 1998. Distribution and association of trace metals in soft tissue and byssus of Mytella strigata and other benthal organisms from Mazatlan harbor, mangrove lagoon of the Northwest coast of Mexico. Environ. Int., 24: 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(98)00014-2
UNEP-GESAMP. 1985. Cadmium, lead and tin in the marine environment. UNEP Regional Seas Report and Studies No. 56. GESAMP Report and Studies, 22: 1-62.
US Geological Survey, 2009a. Cadmium statistics. United States Geological Survey. www. minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/cadmium. pdf
US Geological Survey, 2009b. Lead statistics. United States Geological Survey. www.minerals.usgs.gov/ds/2005/140/lead.pdf USFDA. 1993. Guidance document for cadmium in shellfish. FDA Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, D. C. 49 p. http://www.vm.cfsan.fda.gov/∼frf/guidcd. html
Valdés-Perezgasga, F. & V.M. Cabrera-Morelos. 1999. La contaminación por metales pesados en Torreón, Coahuila, México. En Defensa del Ambiente, A.C., Torreón y Texas Center for Policy Studies, Austin. 46 p.
Villanueva, S.F. & A.V. Botello. 1998. Metal pollution in coastal areas of Mexico. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 157: 53-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0625-5_3
Waalkes, M. & R.R. Misra. 1996. Cadmium Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity, 231-244. En: Chang, L.W. (Ed), Toxicology of metals. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
WHO. 1992. Environmental health criteria 134, Cadmium. World Health Organization, Geneva. 280 pp. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc134.htm
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2010 M. G. Frías-Espericueta, J. I. Osuna-López, M. Aguilar-Juárez, D. Voltolina
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
