Effect of four different pretreatments in nitrogen and phosphorus flow and mass balance in effluents of a recirculating aquaculture system.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v31i2.183Keywords:
Sludge, pretreatments, mass balance, recirculating aquaculture systemsAbstract
The effluents from intensive aquaculture operations such as recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) have high concentrations of sludge that can become a source of pollution if they are not properly treated and disposed. Anaerobic digestion is commonly used for biological degradation of sludge. Pretreatments prior to anaerobic digestion can enhance sludge degradation and decrease nitrogen and phosphorus load through microbial activity. This study examines the effect of four different pretreatments (biological, chemical, mechanical and thermal) in the N and P fluxes and mass balance from a RAS effluent in a seven-month period at ambient temperature. Each month a 15-day experiment was performed. All pretreatments, except chemical, removed N (thermal 29.78%, biological 36.75%, control 42.25%, mechanical 49.46%, chemical -7.68%). All pretreatments produced phosphorus (chemical 1.96%, mechanical 16.07%, thermal 24.37%, biological 32.39%, control 58.50%). Our results showed that the mechanical pretreatment was the most effective in removing N. In contrast, none of the pretreatments reduced P content in the sludge.
Downloads
References
APHA 1989. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 17th edition. Washington, D.C.
Appels, L., J. Baeyens, J. Degreve & R. Dewil. 2008. Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge. Prog. Energ. Combust., 34: 756-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.002
Appels, L., J. Degreve, B. Van del Bruggen, J. Van Impe & R. Dewil. 2010. Influence of low temperature thermal pretreatment on sludge solubilisation, heavy metal release and anaerobic digestion. Bioresource Technol., 101: 5743-5748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.068
Audrey, P., L. Julien, D. Christophe & L. Patrick. 2011. Sludge disintegration during heat treatment at low temperature: A better understanding of involved mechanisms with a multiparametric approach. Biochem. Eng. J., 54: 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2011.02.016
Ariunbaatar, J., A. Panico, G. Esposito, F. Pirozzi, & P.N.L. Lens. 2014. Pretreatment methods to enhance anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste. Appl. Energ., 123: 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.02.035
Boltz, D. F. 1958. Colorimetric determination of nonmetals. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 372 p.
Bougrier, C., C. Albasi, J.P. Delgenes & H. Carrere. 2006. Effect of ultrasonic, thermal and ozone pre-treatments on waste activated sludge solubilisation and anaerobic biodegradability. Chem. Eng. Process., 45: 711-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2006.02.005
Carballa, M., C. Duran & A. Hospido. 2011. Should we pretreat solid waste prior to anaerobic digestion? An assessment of its environmental cost. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45: 10306-10314. https://doi.org/10.1021/es201866u
Carrere, H., C. Dumas, A. Battimelli, D.J. Batstone, J.P. Delgenes, J.P. Steyer & I. Ferrer. 2010. Pretreatment methods to improve sludge anaerobic degradability: A review. J. Hazard. Mater., 183: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.129
Chavez-Crooker, P. & J. Obreque-Contreras. 2010. Bioremediation of Aquaculture wastes. Curr. Opin. Biotech., 21: 313-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2010.04.001
Chen, S.L., D.E. Coffin, & R.F. Malone. 1997. Sludge production and management for recirculating aquaculture systems. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 28: 303-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00278.x
Conroy, J. & M. Couturier. 2010. Dissolution of minerals during hydrolysis of fish waste solids. Aquaculture, 298: 220-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.11.013
Eggeman, T. & R.T. Elanderb. 2005. Process and economic analysis of pretreatment technologies. Bioresource Technol., 96: 2019-2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.017
Ennoun, H., B. Miladi, S. Zahedi-Díaz, L.A. Fernández-Guelfo, R. Solera, M. Hamdi & H. Bouallagui. 2016. Effect of thermal pretreatment on the biogas production and microbial communities balance during anaerobic digestion of urban and industrial water activated Sludge. Bioresource Technol., 214: 184-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.076
Estuardo, C., M.C. Marti, C. Huili Huiliñir, E.A. Lillo & M.R. von Bennewitz, 2008. Improvement of nitrate and nitrite reduction rates prediction. Electron. J. Biotech., 11: 10. https://doi.org/10.2225/vol11-issue3-fulltext-6
Ferrer, I., S. Ponsa, F. Vásquez & X. Font. 2008. Increasing biogas production by thermal (70oC) sludge pretreatment prior to thermophilic anaerobic digestion. Biochem. Eng. J., 42: 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2008.06.020
Fontenot, Q., C. Bonvillain, M. Kilgen & R. Boopathy. 2007. Effects of temperature, salinity and carbon: nitrogen ratio on sequencing batch reactor treating shrimp aquaculture wastewater. Bioresource Technol., 90: 1700-1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.07.031
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. 230 p.
Frison N., E. Katsou, S. Malamis & F. Fatone. 2016. A novel scheme for denitrifying biological phosphorus removal via nitrite from nutrientrich anaerobic effluents in a sort-cut sequencing batch reactor. J. Chem. Technol. Biot., 91:190-197. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.4561
García, J.L., B.K.C. Patel & B. Ollivier. 2000. Taxonomic, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of methanogenic archaea. Anaerobe, 6: 205-226. https://doi.org/10.1006/anae.2000.0345
Gavalla, H.N., I. Angelidaki & B.K. Ahring. 2003. Kinetics and modeling of anaerobic digestion process. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol., 81: 58-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45839-5_3
Ge, H., P.D. Jensen & D.J. Batstone. 2010. Pre-treatment mechanisms during thermophilic-mesophilic temperature phased anaerobic digestion of primary sludge. Water Res., 44: 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.005
Hall, A.G., E.M. Hallerman & G.S. Libey. 2002. Comparative analysis of performance of three biofilter designs in recirculating aquaculture systems. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture. https://doi.org/10.21061/ijra.v3i1.1457
Hiraoka, M., N. Takeda, S. Sakai & A. Yasuda. 1985. Highly efficient anaerobic digestion with thermal pre-treatment. Water Sci. Technol., 17:529-539. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0157
Jin, H., Y. Jin, R.B. Mahar, Z. Wang & Y. Nie. 2008. Effects and model of alkaline waste activated sludge treatment. Bioresource Technol., 99: 5140-5144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.019
Kim, M., D.-W. Han & D.-J. Kim. 2015. Selective release of phosphorus and nitrogen from waste activated sludge with combined thermal and alkali treatment. Bioresource Technol., 190: 522-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.106
Lahav, O., J. Bar Massada, D. Yackoubov, R. Zelikson, N. Mozes, Y. Ta & S. Tarre. 2009. Quantification of anammox activity in a denitrification reactor for a recirculating aquaculture system. Aquaculture, 288: 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.11.020
Lee, D., M. Kim & J. Chung. 2007. Relationship between solid retention time and phosphorus removal in anaerobic-intermittent aeration process. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 103: 338-344. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.103.338
Li, H., Y. Jin, R.B. Mahar, Z. Wang & Y. Nie. 2008. Effect and model of alkaline waste activated sludge treatment. Bioresource Technol., 99: 5140-5144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.019
Li, Y.Y. & T. Noike. 1992. Upgrading of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge by thermal pre-treatment. Water Sci. Technol., 26: 857-866. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0466
Liao, X., H. Li, Y. Zhang, C. Liu & Q. Chen. 2016. Accelerated high-solids anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge using low-temperature thermal pretreatment. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr., 106: 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.10.023
Liu, W., G. Luo, H. Tan, & D. Sun. 2016. Effects of Sludge retention time on water quality and bioflocs yield, nutritional composition, apparent digestibility coefficients treating recirculating aquaculture system effluent in sequencing batch reactor. Aquacultural Eng., 72/73: 58-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.04.002
Mariscal-Lagarda, M.M. & F. Páez-Osuna. 2014. Mass balances of nitrogen and phosphorus in an integrated culture of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum MIll) with low salinity groundwater: A short communication. Aquacult. Eng., 58: 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2013.12.003
Mirzoyan, N., S. Parnes, A. Singer, Y. Tal, K. Soers & A. Gross. 2008. Quality of brackish aquaculture sludge and its sustainability for anaerobic digestion and methane production in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Aquaculture, 279: 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.04.008
Mirzoyan, N., Y. Tal & A. Gross. 2010. Anaerobic digestion of sludge from intensive recirculating aquaculture systems: Review. Aquaculture, 306: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.05.028
Mouneimme, A.H., H. Carrere, N. Bernet, & J.P. Delgenes. 2003. Effect of saponification on the anaerobic digestion of solid fatty residues. Bioresource Technol., 90: 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00091-9
Nah, I.W., Y.W. Kang, K.-Y. Hwang & W.-K. Song. 2000. Mechanical pretreatment of waste activated sludge for anaerobic digestion process. Water Res., 34: 2362-2368. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00361-9
Neyens E. & J. Baeyens. 2003. A review of thermal sludge pre-treatment processes to improve dewaterability. J. Hazard. Mater., 98: 51-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00320-5
Novak, J.T., M.E. Sadler & S.N. Murthy. 2003. Mechanisms of floc destruction during anaerobic and aerobic digestion and the effect on conditioning and dewatering of biosolids. Water Res., 37: 3136-3144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00171-4
Nydahl, F., 1976. On the optimum conditions for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by cadmium. Talanta, 23: 349-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(76)80047-1
Obaja, D., S. Mace, J. Costa, C. Sans & J. Mata-Álvarez. 2003. Nitrification, denitrification and biological phosphorus removal in piggery wastewater using a sequencing batch reactor. Bioresource Technol., 87: 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00229-8
Park, S.K., H.M. Jang, J.H. Ha, J.M. Park. 2014. Sequential sludge digestion after diverse pretreatment conditions: Sludge removal, methane production and microbial community changes. Bioresource Technol., 162: 331-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.152
Pitts, M.E. & J.H. Adams. 1987. Method for total nitrogen in freshwater and wastewater samples. 849-858, In: Proceedings of the AWWA 1986 Water Technology Conference: Advances in water analysis and treatment. American Water Works Association. Denver, CO.
Puigagut, J., H. Angles, F. Chazarenc & Y. Comeau. 2011. Decreasing phosphorus discharge in fish farm ponds by treating the sludge generated with sludge drying beds. Aquaculture, 318: 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.04.025
Rustian, E., J.P. Delgenes, N. Bernet & R. Moletta. 1997. Nitrate reduction in acidogenic reactor: influence of wastewater COD/N-NO 3 ratio on denitrification and acidogenic activity. Environmental Technol., 18: 309-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.1997.9618500
SAS. 2002. SAS system for Windows. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Seviour, T., B.C. Donose, M. Pijuan & Z. Juan. 2010. Purification and conformational analysis of a key exopolysaccharide component of mixed culture aerobic sludge granules. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44: 4729-4734. https://doi.org/10.1021/es100362b
Sharrer, M., K. Rishel, A. Taylor, B.J. Vinci & S.T. Summerfelt. 2010. The cost and effectiveness of solids thickening technologies for treating backwash and recovering nutrients from intensive aquaculture systems. Bioresource Technol., 101: 6630-6641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.101
Sletten, O. & C.M. Bach. 1961. Modified stannous chloride reagent for orthophosphate determination. Am. Water Work. Assoc., 53: 1031-1033. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1961.tb00742.x
Solórzano, L. 1969. Determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenolhyochlorite method. Limnol. Oceanogr., 14: 751-754.
Solórzano, L. & J.H. Sharp. 1980. Determination of total dissolved nitrogen in natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 25: 751-754. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1980.25.4.0751
Steward, N.T., G.D. Boardman & L.A. Helfrich. 2006. Characterization of nutrient leaching rates from settled rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) sludge. Aquacult. Eng., 35: 191-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2006.01.004
Sugiura, S.H., D.D. Marchant, T. Wiggins & R.P. Ferraris. 2006. Effluent profile of commercially used low-phosphorus fish feeds. Environ. Pollut., 140: 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.06.020
Sumico, T., K. Isaka, H. Ikuta, Y.L. Saiki & T. Yokota. 2006. Nitrogen removal from wastewater using simultaneous nitrate reduction and anaerobic ammonium oxidation in single reactor. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 102: 346-351. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.102.346
Timmons, M.B., J.M. Ebeling, F.W. Wheaton, S.T. Summerfelt & B.J. Vinci. 2001. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. NRAC Publication no. 01-002. Cayuga Aqua Ventures, Ithaca, NY, 650 p.
Timmons, M.B. & J.M. Ebeling, 2007. Recirculating systems. Northeastern Regional Aquaculture Center, Ithaca, NY.
Van Rijn, J. 2013. Waste treatment in recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquacult. Eng., 53: 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2012.11.010
Wang, B.-B., Q. Chang, D.-C. Peng, Y.-P. Hou, H.- J. Li & L.-Y. Pei. 2014. A new classification paradigm of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in activated sludge: Separation and characterization of exopolymers between floc level and microcolony level. Water Res., 64: 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.003
Wilson, C.A., S.M. Murthy, Y. Fang & J.T. Novak. 2008. The effect of temperature on the performance and stability of thermophilic anaerobic digestion. Water Sci. Technol., 57: 297-304. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.027
Wu, H., D. Yank, Q. Zhou & A. Song. 2009. The effect of pH on anaerobic fermentation of primary sludge at room temperature. J. Hazard. Mater., 175: 196-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.146
Zhang, X., H. Spangers & J.B. van Lier. 2013. Potentials and limitations of biomethane and phosphorus recovery from sludges of brackish/ marine aquaculture recirculation systems: A review. J. Environ. Manage., 131: 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.016
Zuthi, M.F.R., W.S. Guo, H.H. Ngo, L.D. Nghiem & F.I. Hai. 2013. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal and its modeling for the activated sludge and membrane bioreactor processes. Bioresource Technol., 139: 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.038
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Juan P. González -Hermoso, Emilio Peña -Messina, Anselmo Miranda -Baeza, Luis R. Martínez -Córdoba, María T. Gutiérrez -Wing, Manuel Segovia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
